Relating Race to the Top with my Personal Philosophy of Education - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2375 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Education Essay Level High school Tags: Philosophy Of Education Essay Did you like this example? In 2009, under the direction of President Barack Obama, the United States Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). As a part of this act, a competitive grant fund was established for individual states. This Race to the Top (RttP) grant fund was to be used to implement or improve public schools in four key areas. These included: Adopting standards and assessments that prepare students to succeed in college and the workplace and to compete in the global economy, Building data systems that measure student growth and success, and inform teachers and principals about how they can improve instruction, Recruiting, developing, rewarding, and retaining effective teachers and principals, especially where they are needed most, and Turning around our lowest-achieving schools (U.S. Department of Education, 2016). The Current Purpose and Motivations of American Education Data has shown over several years that there is an extensive achievement gap in our nations public school system between Caucasian students and non-Caucasian students. In a time when we not only have to compete for jobs and industry nationally but also internationally, this fact that a good percentage of U.S. youth are not leaving high school ready for college or sustainable employment is a real threat to our nations future. In healthcare, nursing students are taught that even upon admission to the facility, the end goal of discharging the patient is always to be kept in the forefront of any healthcare decisions. American educational systems have the same theory that the end goal is always at the forefront. Even from preschool, the goal of education is to develop skills that will make our students successful, not only in their future school years, but also as functioning adult contributors to the well-being of America. This is evident with programs such as Race to the Top which aims to give each and every student, no matter where in America, or which school district they live in, the opportunity to have the teachers, curriculum, support, and education that will ensure their future success in life. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Relating Race to the Top with my Personal Philosophy of Education" essay for you Create order Twenty-first century Americans are no longer simply affecting each other. With the instantaneous nature of technology, the competition for trade partners, corporations that are internationally based, and the race to be the first to develop new technologies and solutions, Americans in this day and age must be prepared to compete with each other and their international counterparts. Prior to the Russian launch of Sputnik in 1957, the United States was in a bubble. The Industrial Revolution had brought our country into the realm of international trade and competition, but the reality of that competition hit home for the average citizen when Sputnik was launched. In each and every decade since then, new skills and competencies have been stressed for students and adults to support our nations viability as an international powerhouse. We must develop adults who can think through a problem and provide multiple creative solutions. Technology has become the cornerstone of current societ y; Americans must understand how technology works, how it can be implemented, and what new solutions could be developed to augment current technologies. What is most troubling to me is that children must have a solid understanding of basic reading, math, and writing to move forward into the skills and knowledge that higher level competencies require. Those basic skills must become second nature to a child before he can comprehend, debate, support, analyze, evaluate, manipulate, or create new information, skill sets, and proficiencies. If we fail at making sure those foundations are strong, we are setting up our students to fail in school. Instructional Methods and Curriculum There is no one instructional methodology or curriculum that can be used by every teacher in every classroom that would meet the needs of every student. Children come from diverse backgrounds, experiences, home lives, situations, and learning styles. What is suitable for one group of children may not work at all with another group, even within one classroom. The challenge for educators is to find and implement a curriculum that is suitable for their demographics. The same can be said of student assessment. We cannot assess urban kids using analogies about farm animals, just as we cannot assess rural students using urban situations. Should our students be exposed to these situations? Absolutely. My husband often says, You can lead a horse to water, but that doesnt make it a duck. He says it in jest, but it really rings true in education. We can expose our students to so many situations and concepts, but the reality is that we must make our teaching and assessments real-world for our students. Therefore, I reiterate that there is no one instructional methodology or curriculum that can be used by every teacher in every classroom that would meet the needs of every student. The Utopian Classrooom In a perfect world, every student would enter the classroom with the same skillset, knowledge, and understanding. In my first grade classroom, that would mean that each student would walk through my door on August 15th knowing the names of all the letters in the alphabet and the sounds each one makes and be able to count, read, and write numbers 0-100. They would each be able to tie their own shoes, write with the correct handwriting strokes, and speak in complete sentences. Every child would go home to a loving home where there is a parent who will sit next to him, read to him, feed him a healthy supper that night and breakfast the next morning, insist that he brush his teeth and take a bath. Unfortunately, we all know that is not the case. There is no utopia. Race to the Top tries to alleviate some of the school based inequalities students encounter. It attempts to ensure that all schools have an entire staff full of teachers who care and put in the effort to maintain their own skills so they can challenge and support their students. It attempts to provide an opportunity for all schools to have guiding standards and assessments which educators can use to structure lessons and concepts around. RttP attempts to provide incentives for all schools to be able to track and assess individual student data so that educators can further adjust lessons and concepts to bring students to mastery. In theory, by providing incentives to schools to implement all of those reforms, then Americas lowest performing schools will not be so low performing any longer. In theory, then all students at all schools would have the same basic skills and competencies to ensure their success in college and the workforce. It sounds like a wonderful idea. The proble m is, who funds these reforms? North Carolina received a Race to the Top grant and implemented all of the reforms. Their schools and students made progress. However, at the end of the grant program, many jobs that had been created to implement the reforms were cut due to lost funding. Now, the state is struggling to make the reforms permanent because the reduced money and staff arent able to support the schools that need the reforms the most (North Carolina Department of Public Instruction, 2015. p. 21). Measuring Student Growth I teach in a small rural school. Our town has a population of 1,360 and our schools K-12 enrollment is about 250 students. We use the Northwest Education Associations (NWEA) Measures of Academic Progress (MAP) assessments three times per year to assess student proficiency and growth. I find this very useful data as it breaks it down into subsections and shows me exactly what concepts each student is struggling or excelling with. However, the MAP data is not a complete picture of my students growth throughout the school year. I also use formative data with each lesson and throughout the year. There are so many things that students do and achieve throughout their ten months with me that cannot be assessed on a standardized test. While I do compare each of my students MAP results with our district-wide results and the MAP national norms, I also use their daily work to measure growth and proficiency. One of the questions you have posed to us is whether or not international benchm arking would be useful. I am conflicted here. While I think it would be interesting to know what students in other countries who are the same age as my students are learning in their classroom, I dont think that we could use benchmarks to compare my six year olds to the six year olds in Spain, for example. However, I do think that those who create education policy in our country should look to other countries for guidance. If we are in such dire straits and our students are so far behind students in other countries, then logically, we should look to what those other countries are doing for their children. In fact, an article in the journal Gifted Child Today (Spring, 2010, p. 7) summarized research done by Ginsburg, et.al. where it was found that the Asian countries of Hong Kong, Singapore, and Korea do use an international standard for mathematics. All of these countries students are very high-performing in math. It may serve our students well to formulate math standards, sc ope, and sequence to emulate the practices of Hong Kong, Singapore, and Korea. We instruct our students to watch the teacher model the correct way to do, write, solve, and create every day in our classrooms. American policymakers should be instructed to do the same. Advantages and Limitations of the National Priorities of Education It goes without saying that as educators, we all want our students to succeed in school and in life. As citizens of the United States, we want to be safe in the knowledge that we will be globally competitive to sustain the economy and level of comfort that we are used to as Americans. As human beings, we all want to know that we will be taken care of in our old age. The accomplishment of all of this begins with assuring that our children receive the education they need and deserve in order to be fully functional, successful, forward-thinking, productive members of the society of the future. The major advantage of our national priority of ensuring success for every student is that national and state policymakers, governmental agencies, district level administrators, teachers, and the public all should know in what direction education is going and how we are going to achieve our goals for children. Achieving national priorities is difficult, however, because all of the programs co st money to implement. How to acquire funding is a major national debate. Should local school districts be allowed to raise their levies so that more property tax is paid? Should the funding come from the state level with funds from gambling institutions, higher income taxes, or sales taxes? Or should funds be allocated by the national government to states to distribute to local school districts? According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 2018), public investment in education has stalled since the beginning of the century (p. 94) in the United States. Somehow, national, state, and local leaders must find ways to properly fund schools so that our students can be globally competitive. My Philosophy of Education I have always known that each and every child can learn something every day in my classroom. It may not be the same thing that her neighbor learned, but she will learn something every day. I believe that America needs to be reminded of child development. What was second grade material thirty years ago is now being taught in kindergarten. I dont believe that just because something is taught to a child, they will be able to learn it. Their brains are still forming; young children are not developmentally ready for all that we are throwing at them. In the countries of Hong Kong, Singapore, and Korea, mathematical content is taught to students in a progression of skills. New skills are not taught until previous skills are mastered. This allows for an adjustment of the grade placement of content to fit the learning pace of individual students within a common standards framework (Gifted Child Today, 2010). I agree with what Race to the Top was attempting to do. I believe in the idea of n ational standards of education so that all children are definitely taught what they need to know and be able to do by the time they are ready to enter the workforce. I dont think it is possible to be an effective teacher without tracking assessment data to inform my teaching. Effective collaborative data systems are the only way to gauge how we are doing as we are preparing our students for the future. I wholeheartedly believe that every child deserves a highly qualified, effective teacher to lead and prepare him for the future. I believe that if every school everywhere was able to implement the first three of the Race to the Top reforms, there would be no need for the fourth reform, turning around low performing schools, because there would be no low performing schools. My personal education philosophy is that every child who enters my classroom will learn and their knowledge and skill sets will grow. They will feel safe, loved, and smart. I strive every day to fulfill the Race to the Top goals. I correlate my lessons to our Nebraska State Standards and try to teach so that each and every child achieves mastery. Does mastery always happen for every student? No, but I keep trying. I use assessment data to guide my lesson planning and individual instruction. I try to be the best teacher I can be for my students every day, because that is what they deserve. References International benchmarks in mathematics. (2010). Gifted Child Today, 33(2), 7. Retrieved from https://go.openathens.net/redirector/ace.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/203257921?accountid=31683 North Carolina Department of Public Instruction (2015). North Carolina Race to the Top Closeout Report. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/programs/racetothetop/state-reported-sharing/ncexsumm.pdf OECD (2017). Economic Surveys UNITED STATES. 2018(14). OECD Publishing, Paris. Retrieved from https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-united-states- 2018_eco_surveys-usa-2018-en U.S. Department of Education. (2016). Race to the Top Fund. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/programs/racetothetop/index.html.

Help for Sufferers of Discrimination and Harassment in the...

Civil Rights Act of 1991 Once upon a time our great nation was not so great. Blacks and women of every race did not have rights like we do now. They were not allowed to vote, work and get paid for equal work. Blacks and whites were separated, they were not allowed to do or go anywhere there was a white establishment. There were many protests at this time in our history and many people were hurt and/or died during political demonstrations. An epic moment in time was when John F. Kennedy brought forth the idea to pass an act that would protect all people from discrimination of gender, race, color, national origin and religion. It was a dark time to be a woman or black citizen in our nation. Thus the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed.†¦show more content†¦In order to get compensation from a company for harassment you must have been employed with the company for at least 20 days or more, and depending on how many employees a company has is how much compensation they will receive (Bohlander, G.W., Sne ll, S. (2010). The Civil Rights Act of 1991 was amended so that employee that are victims of sexual harassment, are compensated for the damage, whether physical or physiological will receive money for their pain. The act also covers employee that are intentionally discriminated against. However this act has limitations like any law. If a company has 14 to 100 employees the compensation would be $50,000, for a company that has 100 to 200 employees that amount would be $100,000 and if a company has over 500 employees the amount would be $300,000. An employee under the act can also choose to go to trial if they feel that the compensation for their pain was not substantial enough (Civil Rights Act of 1991. (n.d.). About 1972 there were 2 different types of sexual harassment rules that were passed with the acts of 64. The first one is Quid Pro Quo, this is when an employer tells and employee to submit unwelcome sexual conduct, requests for sexual favors and verbal or physical gestures. Examples of this would be if an employer tells an employee that in order to keep there job they would have to perform a sexual act. The second rule is Hostile Work Environment, which is when verbal orShow MoreRelatedThe Matter Of Law That Ellison s Reaction Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen in favor for Ellison. She had evidence of him sending her disturbing letters and also reported his stalker like behavior to her supervisor. Employers who fail to fully investigate sexual harassment complaints in the workplace could face detrimental consequences. All employers should have sexual harassment policies in place; however having a policy is not enough. Policies must be reasonably and properly enforced and there al so must be effective internal procedures that will allow employees to bypassRead MoreStigma Against Individuals with Mental Illness2913 Words   |  12 PagesIncorporated). Types of stigma include prejudice, discrimination, cues, and stereotypes. Now, one must be wondering, â€Å"What does this have to do with mental illness?† Well, many individuals show stigma against mental illness. Stigma against mental illness can show up in all settings- work, school, you name it. Stigma exists in every place one can imagine. Some offenders may not realize they, themselves, are a part of the problem. By just saying myths, like sufferers of mental illness can just snap out of theirRead MoreThe Development Of India s Economy2080 Words   |  9 Pagesgiven much credit in most cases. Women s economic status is low in India despite of the fact that play an important part both in domestic sphere and in the rural fields and also in urban economy. In many cases, they are at disadvantage as the ir workplace is in people s private homes, outside the arena of labour inspectors. The number of women in the country s workforce has increased in the last three decades. Female domestic workers occupy the largest segment of unorganized female workers in IndiaRead MoreProtective Legislations For Women s India2272 Words   |  10 Pagescalling of Convention of Elimination and Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1979. CEDAW is a special Convention in focusing on the discrimination of various types on women. It should also be mentioned that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 1948 has made the rights of human beings legalised and also compelled the international community to come under one umbrella. In 1992, gender-based violence has been regarded as a form of discrimination. This came as a relief to the human societyRead MoreMultiple Sclerosis Essay examples1988 Words   |  8 Pagesemotional or cognitive attributes that others present maybe stigmatized or discredi ted. The workplace remains difficult for people with a life altering illness to negotiate and be secure furthermore employment has actually decreased worldwide. Unfortunately the employment for MS is more difficult than other disabilities including those with severe physical disabilities. MS patients face workplace discrimination such as threats to current employment, discriminatory hiring practices, lack of on the jobRead MoreHuman Resource Performance And Appraisal Process Essay3134 Words   |  13 Pagesto use the best skilled human resource for attaining large market share and competitive position. The success of any organization largely depends on well-structured and highly skilled human resource team. Standard recruitment and selection process help to find out the skilled and qualified people for the job (Boxall, 2007). Human Resource (HR) manager of organization plays a great role to recruit and select the valuable human and appoint them in the work place. After the training and developmentRead MoreUnit 5 Principles of Safeguarding and Protection in Health and Social Care2796 Words   |  12 Pagesexplanations that dont match the injuries, reluctance to be left with the alleged abuser, etc. Sexual abuse is when a sexual activity is performed without informed consent being freely given, such as rape or sexual assault, indecent exposure, sexual harassment, masturbation, involving a vulnerable adult in pornography, enforced witnessing of sexual acts or sexual media, attempted or penetration of intimate areas without informed consent, etc. It can also involve abuse of a position of power. ChildrenRead MoreNvq Level 26498 Words   |  26 Pagesoffensive in other countries. Bread rolls are called bread cakes in the north of England and can be confusing if you don’t know. 4. Identify five barriers to communication and for each one, suggest a source of information or a service which could help. Barriers | Source of information | Language difficulties.Spoken language if different. Different styles of languages e.g. accents. Different levels of understanding | 1. Speech and language therapy can be provided by the NHS or other privateRead MoreAppearance Discrimination in Employment22039 Words   |  89 PagesAppearance discrimination in employment: Legal and ethical implications of â€Å"lookism† and â€Å"lookphobia† [pic] http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=2040-7149volume=32issue=1articleid=17077304show=html Downloads: The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 1519 times since 2013 DOI (Permanent URL):  10.1108/02610151311305632 [pic]  Abstract [pic]  View PDF  (200kb) [pic]  Print View References †¢ References (67) Citations †¢ CrossRef (1) Further reading Read MoreE T Level 4 CERT PORTFOLIO Anon27074 Words   |  109 Pagesthey taken a driving test? Each of these questions may prompt further questions in order to obtain a rough overview as to where the level of instruction and teaching should be pitched. It is important for us to do this initial assessment, as it will help us in deciding where to initially choose a location for training top occur with a student on their first driving lesson. Let’s say for instance they live in a fairly built up area, with lots of traffic, and parked cars. We would have to consider the

The Foundational Mangement

Question: What is the Foundational Management ? Answer : Introduction A classroom is a place where individuals are prepared to be futures great achievers. It is the responsibility of the teachers to exploit the potential of the students and shape their personality by giving them an effective learning environment. But the major challenge to an effective teaching experience is the disruptive behavior of students who not only by their actions and behavior hinder their own self learning experience but also of the whole class. Operant conditioning theory provides effective techniques to handle such behavior through the use of reinforcement and punishment. In the below described essay the focus is done on thesis statement, Positive reinforcement is very important to encourage favorable classroom behavior through the use of verbal praising and rewards, but in certain context punishment been seen as the effective remedy to control negative classroom behavior. Classroom Behavior of Primary school students It is quite common for teachers to witness behavior in the class that may be challenging for them and can affect the learning environment. There are various kinds of challenging behavior identified among primary school students. Withdrawn behavior: Withdrawn behavior refers to behavior among students to avoid involvement in the classroom activity. They either dont want to participate in learning experience or they feel that they dont belong here. There can be several reasons for such withdrawn behavior. The student is may be of shy in nature and isolates themselves from the rest of the class. Day dreaming is also a very common form of withdrawn behavior which though doesnt affect class learning but self-learning. Another reason can be the student is school phobic or they have witnessed a traumatic experience in school which often results in absenteeism and coming late to in the class (Sun Shek, 2012). Disruptive behavior: The disruptive behavior in the class can be seen as one of the most common type of student behavior that affect the teachers ability to teach and students ability to learn. It directly results in loss of teaching time, poor academic performance of the students who cause disruptions and other students also. It also results into low motivation among students to learn and engage in classroom activity (Vanderbilt University, 2016). The behavior includes talking or being out of own desk without permission, screaming in the class or refusing to follow instructions of teachers in the class. Violent and/or unsafe behavior: At times the behavior displayed by the students challenges the ability of the teachers to give the students a safe learning environment (University of Oregon, 2017). Their violent behavior often results into physical injuries to the other students. They not only harm the students but also can attack on the staff members. This type of generally includes verbal abusing, head banging, kicking, biting, involved in major fights with students , destroying school property or furnitures etc. Inappropriate social behaviors: Students in the primary classes are generally not aware about such kind of behavior. They dont really bother the other class fellows but as a teacher it is very important to make students aware about such socially unacceptable behavior. It includes engaging in inappropriate conversation with other students, stealing in the class, being over affectionate or attractive to the opposite sex. The age of primary school students is very vulnerable; exploring individuals sexuality is very common at this age. Children without realizing involved in touching each others private parts out of curiosity or masturbating. These issues should be handled by teachers carefully (Victoria State Government, 2016). This kind of primary classroom behavior results into an ineffective teaching experience on the part of teachers and ineffective learning experience on the part of the students. Teachers play a very active role in shaping the behavior of each and every student present in the class room. In order to ensure the academic growth of student, it is very important that they ensure each and every individual present in the class should become an active learner and it can only be possible by discouraging such disruptive behaviors and encouraging healthy learning practices. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning theory also known as instrument conditioning was given by B.F. Skinner. It refers to a process of learning that focuses on modifying the behavior of individuals by the use of positive and negative reinforcement. The desirable behavior is rewarded and undesirable behavior is punished. There is a relationship forms between the behavior and consequences of individuals behavior. The major components of this theory are Reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement is mainly of two types: Positive and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement refers to praising or rewarding the individuals positive or desired behavior. This strengthens the possibility of such behavior in an individual in the future. The other type of reinforcement is the negative reinforcement which means removal of something unwanted or unacceptable for an individual after a favorable behavior seen in an individual. The main aim of both the type of reinforcement is to encourage a favorable outcome or performance in an individual. The second component of this theory is Punishment. Like the reinforcement, it is also of two types: positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive punishments are given to discourage the unacceptable behavior or outcome of any individuals actions. This usually includes negative or unfavorable situation for an individual. On the other hand negative reinforcement includes removal of something favorable for an individual after portrayal of unacceptable behavior of an individual (Stanic, 2015). The operand theory mainly works on a predefined notion that reinforcement given after the favorable outcomes will increase the possibility of occurrence of such behavior in the future. On the contrary punishing the actions and behavior of an individual will lower the probability of repeating such actions again in the future. Skinner classified two different type of behavior seen in an individual. The first one being respondent behavior that is occurs automatically or out of individuals reflex, they come naturally to an individual in certain situations (Domjan, 2003). The other behavior is operant behavior which is developed over a period of time and controlled and is directly related to an individuals learning process. There are certain strengths and weakness of this theory. Strengths: Implementing operant conditioning in an education institution can prove to be very effective to encourage effective learning environment. By rewarding and appreciating students, teachers can ensure participation from students. The approach of reinforcement and punishment is very practical and effective. By rewarding an individual behavior will ensure that it will occur again in the future and they will try to perform will in order to earn positive reinforcement. People know the difference in acceptable and non-acceptable behavior. Weaknesses The major weakness of this theory is that it only works in limited area or controlled environment. To discourage the unacceptable behavior punishment works as a demotivating factor and individual may repeat the action again. This theory does not take into account cognitive factors of an individual. Also in order to receive positive reinforcement, an individual may show temporary change in their behavior. Also, if an individual has been punished many times it will demotivate them. Skinner classified only good and bad behavior. Though the theory has many weaknesses but it is best suitable for an educational institutions. The components can be used effectively in order to encourage favorable behavior among students and discourage behavior that causes disruptions in teaching and learning experience. There other theories given by Kohlberg, Erikson, Piaget and Bandura. All these theories including the operant theory talks about the development of behavior in an individual. The operant theory believe that the an individual learns to adapt a behavior either through reinforcement or punishment but according to the theory given by Erikson in order to develop successfully an individual needs to go through the eight conflicts to receive a positive outcome (Fleming, 2004). Skinners theory focuses on changing the behavior of individual by reinforcements and punishment however Erikson believe that positive development behavior is done by passing through eight stages successfully. Another weakness of Skinners theory is the positive behavior is associated with reward, once the reward is gone in the above mentioned case the students may stop behaving in the desired manner. Theorist Bandura argued that an individual can learn a certain behavior even by observing others. Another weakness of Ski nners theory has been highlighted. He believed that an individual can only learn behavior through reinforcement but Bandura said learning is a cognitive process (Bandura, 1974). Piagets theory also mentioned this fact that a child or an individual understanding of the environment on their own, by using their sensory and motor skills (Ojose, 2008). There is no intervention of the teachers and parents whereas in operant theory there is high dependency on rewards and punishment. Another theory of development which was given by Kohlberg states that a child behavior is developed by the fear of punishment or a selfish desire to avert punishment but on the contrary Skinners theory argued that a behavior of an individual is affected by reinforcement and punishment but the positive reinforcement has a favorable impact on developing positive child behavior (Fleming, 2005). Strategies to manage challenging behavior of primary school students Teachers in order to maintain discipline of the class should only resort to giving punishment and they think that it is one of the most effective remedy too but it should not happen always. Operant conditioning theory encourages the use of reinforcement techniques to be applied in the classroom. The use of positive reinforcements in situations like when Jane is done with her teaching lessons, she can say Thank you for the attention class, in order to encourage the good listening skills among students and divert their attention from unproductive behavior. In case students ask any question, a teacher should encourage them by praising verbally (Walter Frei, 2007). To discourage withdrawn behavior among student, Jane should try to engage them in learning experience by giving them prizes, smiley stickers and appreciating them in front of the whole class. To discourage disruptive behavior, Jane should put a behavior chart on the bulletin board which will include the name of every student and for every good act done by a student she should put a sticker in front of their name (Oliver, 2007). This will encourage good behavior in those student also who disturb the class. There are certain extreme cases when punishment is also important to maintain the discipline of the class. In case of violent behavior of students, Jane should use negative punishment (INTO, n.d.). She may retain those students who exhibit violent behavior at the end of the school and make them do some small chores like arranging desk, watering plants or arranging books etc. But the punishment should not be too harsh as it will frustrate the students and she may lose scope of improvements of those students. To discourage inappropriate social behavior it is very important to make them realize that they are doing wrong and after that use reinforcement techniques. The use of rewards should be less as it will create a situation of dependency among students rather Jane should encourage verbally (Harns et a l., 2014). Conclusion From the overall discussion carried out in the essay, it has been found that in order to maintain discipline in the class and cope up with the challenging classroom behavior so as to provide a fruitful teaching and learning experience, the use of positive reinforcement and punishment has been justified. The operand conditioning theory works well in the educational institutions and provides effective measures to deal with classroom behavior issues. However it should also be noted that primary class students are young and at are not aware about the consequences of their behavior on their future. Jane as a teacher holds a great responsibility of a teaching them the acceptable and non-acceptable behavior through the use of reinforcement and punishment but the thing that should be kept in mind is that rewards and punishment technique should not encourage a temporary change but rather a permanent learning behavior. The operant theory faces strong limitations from other theories given by Pi aget, Erikson and Bandura but it covers the weaknesses of Kohlbergs theory. References Bandura, A. (1974). Behavior theory and the models of man. Psychologist today. Retrieved from https://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Bandura/Bandura1974AP.pdf on 14 March 2017. Domjan, M. (2003). The Principles of Learning and Behavior, Fifth Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Fleming, S.J. (2004). Eriksons Psychosocial Developmental Stages. Retrieved from https://swppr.org/textbook/ch%209%20erikson.pdf on 14 March 2017. Fleming, S.J. (2005). Piaget, Kohlberg, Gilligan, and Others on Moral Development. Retrieved from https://swppr.org/Textbook/Ch%207%20Morality.pdf on 14 March 2017. Harms, T., Korpershoek, H., Boer, D.B., Kujik, V.M Doolaard, S. (2014). Effective classroom management strategies and classroom management programs for educational practice. Retrieved from https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/15665813/PDF_GION_rapport_Effective_Classroom_Management.pdf on 14 March 2017. INTO. (n.d.). Guidance on Managing Challenging Behaviour in Schools. Retrieved from https://www.into.ie/NI/INTOStudentCentre/StudentPublications/Guide_managing_challenging_behaviour.pdf on 14 March 2017. Ojose, B. (2008). Applying Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development to Mathematics Instruction. The mathematician educator. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ841568.pdf on 14 March 2017. Oliver, M.R. (2007). Effective classroom management: Teacher preparation and professional development. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED543769.pdf on 14 March 2017. Stanic, I. (2015). An introduction to operant conditioning. Retrieved from https://onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca/learningdesign/wp-content/uploads/sites/1178/2015/06/OperanteBook.pdf on 14 March 2017. Sun, C.F.R. Shek, L.T.D. (2012). Student Classroom Misbehavior: An Exploratory Study Based on Teachers' Perceptions. The Scientific World Journal. Retrieved from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2012/208907/ on 14 March 2017. University of Oregon. (2017). Disruptive and Threatening Students. Retrieved from https://counseling.uoregon.edu/Topics-Resources/Faculty-Staff/Disruptive-Threatening-Students on 14 March 2017. Vanderbilt University. (2016). Perspective and resources. Retrieved from https://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/module/beh1/cresource/q1/p01/ on 14 March 2017. Victoria State Government. (2016). Student Behaviour. Retrieved from https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/principals/participation/Pages/studentbehaviour.aspx on 14 March 2017. Walters, J. Frei, S. (2007). Managing classroom behavior and discipline. Retrieved from https://www.peoriapublicschools.org/cms/lib2/IL01001530/Centricity/Domain/4528/Sample%203.pdf on 14 March 2017.

Granger Movement free essay sample

Examines history of agricultural movement founded after Civil War. Origins, economics, politics, leadership, purpose, philosophy, court cases and decline. The Granger Movement The Granger Movement was a popular uprising among the American agricultral communities in the years following the Civil War. It was an organization modeled after the Masonic Lodge, offering farmers a chance to organize against monopolies and build up unity among themselves. Of the many recurrent elements of world history, agrarian discontent has been one of the most pervasive and has had a broad effect on the destinies of numerous political empires. Two such examples are the English Peasants? Revolt in 1381 and the Peasants? War in Germany in 1524-25. These revolts stemmed from a belief of the rural citizenry that they were being economically exploited by the ruling classes. The citizens did not necessarily believe that they were impoverished, only that they were being exploited. In the case..